TWO SIMPLIFIED MODELS TO EXPLAIN MONETARY LONG CYCLES BETWEEN ABOUT 1970 AND 2060

Money was, until Keynes and Friedman, the great absence in economic literature.After them, relations between money and long economic cycles have been in their turn absent in debate. Perhaps this conform an explanation for logical and chronological relations between business cycles and long cycles been scarcely explored. Notwithstanding, is in those three directions where a new monetary theory should be researched for. This ought to be a more dynamic one. Thus, we can propose as economic models Porter’s diamond, applied to money, and Monet value Chain. The aim is to reflect on a “social dimension for money” announcing than of monetary policy, and evoking meanwhile the rhythms followed by that perception and the means for managing it, along the long cycle. Still, it would mean bringing together macro economic model and strategic model, in a second step, in order to practically be more able to forecast and prevent conflicts, accumulate human capital, and allow a social project to emerge behind that sort of new long monetary cycle.model of monetary long cycles, institutional nature of money, Kondratieff cycles, diamond applied to money

L’étude des cycles de KONDRATIEFF nous permet-elle d’en savoir plus sur la nature sociale de la monnaie ?

La monnaie a été, jusqu’à KEYNES et FRIEDMAN, la grande absente de la littérature économique. Et, depuis eux, les relations entre cycles économiques longs (cycles de cinquante ans dits “de KONDRATIEFF” ou cycles d’une centaine d’années dits “de MODELSKI” ou “de GOLDSTEIN”) et la monnaie ont été à leur tour absentes des débats. Enfin, ces deux premiers manques de la théorie constituent peut-être une explication pour laquelle les relations logiques et chronologiques entre cycles des affaires d’une part, et cycles longs d’autre part, ont été si peu et donc si mal explorées. Pourtant, c’est bien dans ces trois directions qu’il faudrait rechercher une nouvelle théorie de la monnaie, plus dynamique que les précédentes (où des modèles de gestion pourraient permettre à un public plus large qu’à l’accoutumée de s’approprier cette monnaie, de la gérer et de la gouverner) et où la théorie économique s’enracinerait cependant davantage aussi dans l’anthropologie. Nous montrons donc les relations fluctuantes entre ces trois théories (macro économie monétaire, théorie des cycles longs, gestion des liens entre les cycles des affaires et les cycles longs) depuis les premières théories des cycles, jusqu’aux dernières théories de la monnaie (l’optique anthropologique d’AGLIETTA et ORLEAN) et les dernières théories des cycles longs (les cycles longs politiques, hégémoniques, monétaires) depuis les années 1980. Nous pouvons alors proposer deux modèles économiques orientés gestion, et inspirés des modèles du spécialiste en marketing et stratégie, PORTER, pour gérer la monnaie dans un tel nouveau paradigme par défaut. Il s’agira, d’une part, du Diamant Appliqué à la Monnaie (D.A.M.), qui montre les relations dynamiques, et permanentes, entre quatre éléments qui résident soit du côté des idées soit du côté des outils de gestion des faits tangibles, afin de prendre en compte cette nouvelle dimension de la monnaie, construite le long du cycle long au détour d’une double perception de la monnaie et du cycle, consciente-immédiate d’une part, et inconsciente (mais perceptible au travers du cycle long) d’autre part. Ces quatre dimensions seraient selon nous marxisme et psychanalyse, techniques traditionnelles de gestion monétaire (tirées du monétarisme ou du keynésianisme) et techniques logistiques. Ensuite, la Chaîne de Valeur de la Monnaie explique comment cette monnaie est construite dans les représentations et dans les faits, et donc devient apte à gérer le réel et à être gérée par l’humain, au terme du cycle long. Nous concluons, après avoir évoqué l’espace de débat ainsi ouvert et indiqué quelques directions, en rappelant que notre démarche de recherche vise à réfléchir davantage à “la dimension sociale de la monnaie” – et pas seulement la dimension sociale de la politique monétaire – et en évoquant les rythmes suivant lesquels cette perception et les moyens de gestion qu’elle donne par conséquent, se dévoilent au fil du cycle long.

Immune Response and Mitochondrial Metabolism Are Commonly Deregulated in DMD and Aging Skeletal Muscle

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a complex process involving multiple pathways downstream of the primary genetic insult leading to fatal muscle degeneration. Aging muscle is a multifactorial neuromuscular process characterized by impaired muscle regeneration leading to progressive atrophy. We hypothesized that these chronic atrophying situations may share specific myogenic adaptative responses at transcriptional level according to tissue remodeling. Muscle biopsies from four young DMD and four AGED subjects were referred to a group of seven muscle biopsies from young subjects without any neuromuscular disorder and explored through a dedicated expression microarray. We identified 528 differentially expressed genes (out of 2,745 analyzed), of which 328 could be validated by an exhaustive meta-analysis of public microarray datasets referring to DMD and Aging in skeletal muscle. Among the 328 validated co-expressed genes, 50% had the same expression profile in both groups and corresponded to immune/fibrosis responses and mitochondrial metabolism. Generalizing these observed meta-signatures with large compendia of public datasets reinforced our results as they could be also identified in other pathological processes and in diverse physiological conditions. Focusing on the common gene signatures in these two atrophying conditions, we observed enrichment in motifs for candidate transcription factors that may coordinate either the immune/fibrosis responses (ETS1, IRF1, NF1) or the mitochondrial metabolism (ESRRA). Deregulation in their expression could be responsible, at least in part, for the same transcriptome changes initiating the chronic muscle atrophy. This study suggests that distinct pathophysiological processes may share common gene responses and pathways related to specific transcription factors

Meta-analysis of muscle transcriptome data using the MADMuscle database reveals biologically relevant gene patterns

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>DNA microarray technology has had a great impact on muscle research and microarray gene expression data has been widely used to identify gene signatures characteristic of the studied conditions. With the rapid accumulation of muscle microarray data, it is of great interest to understand how to compare and combine data across multiple studies. Meta-analysis of transcriptome data is a valuable method to achieve it. It enables to highlight conserved gene signatures between multiple independent studies. However, using it is made difficult by the diversity of the available data: different microarray platforms, different gene nomenclature, different species studied, etc.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>We have developed a system tool dedicated to muscle transcriptome data. This system comprises a collection of microarray data as well as a query tool. This latter allows the user to extract similar clusters of co-expressed genes from the database, using an input gene list. Common and relevant gene signatures can thus be searched more easily. The dedicated database consists in a large compendium of public data (more than 500 data sets) related to muscle (skeletal and heart). These studies included seven different animal species from invertebrates (<it>Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans</it>) and vertebrates (<it>Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Canis familiaris, Gallus gallus</it>). After a renormalization step, clusters of co-expressed genes were identified in each dataset. The lists of co-expressed genes were annotated using a unified re-annotation procedure. These gene lists were compared to find significant overlaps between studies.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Applied to this large compendium of data sets, meta-analyses demonstrated that conserved patterns between species could be identified. Focusing on a specific pathology (Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy) we validated results across independent studies and revealed robust biomarkers and new pathways of interest. The meta-analyses performed with MADMuscle show the usefulness of this approach. Our method can be applied to all public transcriptome data.</p

La monnaie unique europeenne et sa relation au developpement economique et social coordonne : une analyse cliometrique. Tome III : Modele et calculs : une theorie monetaire des Cycles de Kondratieff, l'Euro de 2000 a 2050

The Economic Cycle Theory, having been a somehow abandoned during several decades, returns to get important with the recent World Financial Crisis 2007-2010. This book, based upon a theses sustained in 2007, advances and argues the possibility of an almost unavoidable world cyclic plunge of macro-economic variables. This includes several political economy recommendations in both national and international scope.Cycle theory, Business Cycle, Kondratieff, economic crisis, political crisis

Higher education reform in France. A permanent urgency logic

The world-wide move of Reform of Universities encounters a special echo in France, where there are some who reproach its challenging the French social model. This latter is based on a strict separation between the business world and the access system to basic rights, that are symbolized by the «Liberty, Equality, Fraternity» motto. The function of University in France would be to offer equal access to knowledge, and hence would consist in training the secondary education teachers. Taking part in the worldwide knowledge market would come only after. As often University echoes social expectations, the Reform of University in France would certainly see it through if all interested parts would be admitted to take part in negotiations. Autonomous Universities could manage according to a rational, turned on to a present and future, process, instead of a permanent urgency one, which induces quarrels which have nothing to do with science or the true humanities. Let's hope that France will be present at the knowledge European appointment.Higher Education Reform, Knowledge Society, European Union, France, Social model

La monnaie unique europeenne et sa relation au developpement economique et social coordonne : une analyse cliometrique. Tome II : Donnees empiriques sur la periode 1800-2000 : histoires economique et monetaire de l'Europe

The Economic Cycle Theory, having been a somehow abandoned during several decades, returns to get important with the recent World Financial Crisis 2007-2010. This book, based upon a theses sustained in 2007, advances and argues the possibility of an almost unavoidable world cyclic plunge of macro-economic variables. This includes several political economy recommendations in both national and international scope.Cycle theory, Business Cycle, Kondratieff, economic crisis, political crisis

La monnaie unique europeenne et sa relation au developpement economique et social coordonne : une analyse cliometrique. Tome IV : Annexes

The Economic Cycle Theory, having been a somehow abandoned during several decades, returns to get important with the recent World Financial Crisis 2007-2010. This book, based upon a theses sustained in 2007, advances and argues the possibility of an almost unavoidable world cyclic plunge of macro-economic variables. This includes several political economy recommendations in both national and international scope.Cycle theory, Business Cycle, Kondratieff, economic crisis, political crisis

La monnaie unique europeenne et sa relation au developpement economique et social coordonne : une analyse cliometrique. Tome I : revue des auteurs et preamble

The Economic Cycle Theory, having been a somehow abandoned during several decades, returns to get important with the recent World Financial Crisis 2007-2010. This book, based upon a theses sustained in 2007, advances and argues the possibility of an almost unavoidable world cyclic plunge of macro-economic variables. This includes several political economy recommendations in both national and international scope.Cycle theory, Business Cycle, Kondratieff, economic crisis, political crisis

Does the study of Kondratieff Cycles help us to know more about the social nature of money?

Money was, until Keynes and Friedman, the great absence in economic literature. After them, relations between money and long economic cycles have been in their turn absent in debate. Perhaps this conform an explanation for logical and chronological relations between business cycles and long cycles been scarcely explored. Notwithstanding, is in those three directions where a new monetary theory should be researched for. This ought to be a more dynamic one. Thus, economic theory would root to anthropology, showing floating relationship between theories, from former cycle theories to most recent monetary and long cycle ones. Yet we can propose as economic models Porter's diamond, applied to money, and Money Value Chain. The aim is to reflect on a "social dimension of money" rather than of monetary policy, evoking the rhythms followed by that perception and the means for managing it, along the long cycle.Money, Monetary Policy, Kondratieff cycles, social nature of money